On January 2019 an independent expert group shared some recommendations -both in terms of general policy orientations and concrete areas of engagement- for EU STI policy to contribute to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda in Europe and beyond, as well as for possible engagement in international initiatives concerning STI. It recommended the EU to capitalise on its Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, which is seeking to invest more than 60% of its budget for sustainable development and is fully open to international participation.

STI policies are fundamental to take economies and societies onto a sustainable path. Given the expected high costs of transition, policies need to be carefully designed, using available scientific evidence. The use of evidence for policy making is often taken for granted, but the practice is often far from this principle. To increase accountability of European institutions vis-à-vis stakeholders and citizens, we consider a must for the European Commission to practice such a principle, improving existing tools, also with the help of new available technologies -i.e. expanding the coverage of the newly developed 'Knowledge Centres'. Moreover, the EC should push other countries, especially developing countries, to adopt a similar approach. (1)

HOW TO EVALUATE THE SUCCESS OF STI4SD POLICIES

To ensure remaining on the right track, once the objectives on aligned policies are set, an efficient and effective evaluation framework is required. The framework should be elaborated considering indicators on both STI4SD earmarking or expenditures, as well as on non-financial/budgetary aspects. An evaluation scheme should be inclusively designed rather than top down, building on good practices that demonstrate how the evaluation process might benefit from the adjunction of the civil society to the “experts”, especially in order to select the indicators needed to evaluate progress made towards agreed goals.

Given the SDGs’ general frame and timescale, we have a fresh opportunity to elaborate in 2020 a truly ex-ante evaluation methodology that would make each stakeholder fully aware of the rules before taking any action. The process of elaborating, discussing and adopting the evaluation methodology of STI4SD policies should be, according to President Junker’s priorities, democratic,
transparent, fact-oriented, easily translated, relying on the integrity of data, fully accountable and open to improvements. Therefore, an evaluation scheme should not be limited or understood as a reporting scheme for accountability and transparency. Public policy evaluations are neither audits
nor inspections and control of a monitoring system of expenses. They are made to close the public policies feedback loop by issuing recommendations for success based on a multi-factor analysis, including qualitative aspects and management evaluation. Therefore, the evaluation process of STI4SD policies may deliver constructive outcomes under two conditions: a) elaborating on the hypothesis that a mechanism for conflict management between contradictory policies is set and efficiently implemented in due time within the EU institutions, and within the EC missions themselves as well; b) promoting the rise of a set of non-financial indicators coherent with stakeholders’ expectations (if and when expressed). (2)

As regards STI4SD policies evaluation, three main options might be considered:

• Option 1: classical earmarking with a set of financial indicators for the entire duration of the programme (2020-2030);
• Option 2: classical earmarking with a review on mid-term, for incremental improvements only, made by experts in budgetary matters;
• Option 3: considering the evaluation methodology as an ongoing systemic assessment, dedicated to raising awareness and strengthening readiness for impact, including the mandatory earmarking of expenses, but not limited to it.

Option 3 is the only methodology open to be built with civil society. Considering the quickly evolving STI solutions in goods, process and services for SDGs, it would be wise to adopt a systemic approach along the third option, fact-based on a robust and long lasting dedicated observatory. This option implies an adaptation of the nature and quality of governance for STI4SD policies, instead of a classic, hierarchical governance. The implications of this choice are the acceptance of a double circle of expertise including lay but concerned people, and adapting indicators to citizens’ requirements.

For this purpose, the establishment of a permanent observatory of changes and trends in new, emerging and enabling technologies for SDGs is needed to help translating the STI implications for SDGs to decision-makers and the widest possible audience, with a specific focus on technology, as science and innovation already benefit from international evaluation schemes. (3)

In addition, recognising that the current structure of Horizon 2020 cannot be changed, it could be effective to:

a) Expand the Horizon 2020 ethical framework to EU international STI4SD initiatives. While, according to the Regulation for participation in Horizon 2020 (4), the Commission systematically carries out ethics reviews for proposals raising ethical issues in order to verify the respect of ethical principles and legislation. In the case of research carried out outside the UE, such review is meant to verify that the same research would have been allowed within the EU. In addition to that, alignment of the Horizon 2020 tracking system as regards STI4SD should provide that also research proposed to support, strengthen and accelerate the positive impact on SDGs is subject to ethical reviews when EU initiatives are undertaken under the Horizon 2020 STI partnerships with non EU countries, in particular non-OECD emerging and LDC countries. Also, it was recommended to expand the mandate of the European Group of Ethics (EGE) (5) to cover STI4SD policies implementation and include the EGE in the new mechanism for independent scientific advice to the Commission;

b) Set up a grassroot surveillance framework for ongoing, systemic evaluation of STI4SD policies, implementing a reporting system based on agreed indicators and establishing a network of external watchdogs/whistle blowers for STI, to avoid missing important opportunities for Horizon 2020 and other existing tools;

c) Promote the establishment of non-financial Ratings Agencies in the field of STI4SD, similarly to what has been done in the Carbon Disclosure Project. (6) Some Agencies within the EU (known as Environmental, Social and Governance – ESG – Agencies) (7) have already implemented or proposed non-financial data and ratings, but this practice could be expanded, also using Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as entry point. The 2011 Commission Communication on CSR (8) led to some initiatives that could be reinforced in the context of the 2030 Agenda, especially as the world of businesses largely contributed to its preparation and is working already on the adjustment of business reporting to make companies more accountable vis-à-vis the SDGs. Existing frameworks represent a good starting point for further development. (9)

In this context, it was also recommended to undertake a review of European standards agencies (10) as relevant stakeholders in the STI4SD European policies;

d) Include the Common Defence and Security Policy in the evaluation scheme of STI4SD success, establishing a link with the Consultation Forum for Energy in the Defence and Security Sector, which provides a platform for energy experts to discuss and advise energy policies in defence. (11)

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1 Report of the Expert Group “Follow-up to Rio+20, notably the SDGs”, The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation Policies to Foster the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Brussels, 2015. Kindly check Section 4.2 General policy orientations, pages 27-28.

2 These indicators could be adapted to the four sets of SDGs chosen by the IAWG -i.e. “Global Commons”, “Sectoral”, “Cross-Cutting” and ”Overarching”.

3 Such as the OECD STI Outlook, which could be enhanced by a special chapter on STI4SDG policies, results and impacts, beyond the traditional “Patent and Publication” indicators.

4 Regulation (EU) n° 1290/2013 of 11 December 2013 laying down the rules for participation and dissemination in "Horizon 2020 - the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014-2020)" and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1906/2006.

5 Link

6 The Carbon Disclosure Project network and reports by sector: link

7 A list of ESG Rating Agencies worldwide was released by Novethics: link

8 A renewed EU strategy 2011-14 for Corporate Social Responsibility (COM(2011) 681 final): link

9 For example, the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), the UN Global Compact’s Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights implementing the UN 'Protect, Respect and Remedy' Framework, the proposals of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) for integrated reporting, the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, the International Organisation for Standardisation's ISO 26000, the International Labour Organisation's Tripartite Declaration of principles concerning multinational enterprises and social policy.

10 For example, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC).

11 Its aim is the provision of specific guidance for the military authorities on existing EU legislation and programs governing energy efficiency and renewables, and of proposals for improving the protection of critical energy infrastructures.

Entre todas las redes sociales, LinkedIn es la única en la que un alto número de usuarios están dispuestos a abonar USD 30/mes por disponer de ciertas funciones relevantes. Esta fue una de las razones por las que en el 2016 Microsoft decidió comprar la plataforma por el importe nada desdeñable de USD 26.200 M, con el objetivo de adquirir una empresa que 12 meses antes había facturado USD 2990 M y poseía 467 millones de usuarios.

En el marco financiero de 2019, LinkedIn ha aportado a su matriz USD 6754 M de ingresos y el número de usuarios ascendía a 630 millones - solo en España la cifra superaba los 12,5 millones. No obstante, Microsoft, una vez implementadas en el nuevo proceso de adquisición las lecciones aprendidas tras la compra de Skype, optó por no integrarla en su estructura corporativa, respetar su organización y mantener a Jeff Weiner como CEO en la nueva etapa. A fecha 05 de febrero de 2020, Ryan Roslansky, hasta hace unos días 'Head of Product' en el Grupo, sustituyó a Weiner como CEO.

La cúpula directiva de LinkedIn enfatiza, aclarando al usuari@ que no se posiciona exclusivamente como una plataforma de empleo, aunque es obvio que constituye un vehículo de reclutamiento 'Premium' para l@s headhunters más intuitiv@s: en 2019 se publicaron 20 millones de ofertas de empleo. L@s miembr@s de esta plataforma son profesionales pertenecientes a múltiples sectores a los que LinkedIn proporciona gran visibilidad. No obstante, pese a que hay un porcentaje relevante de usuari@s que busca empleo y/o una oportunidad novedosa de potenciar su carrera, otr@s pretenden obtener mayor notoriedad, compartir información útil para l@s colegas de un sector específico, etc. El objetivo focal es que, por su extensión, muchas empresas y OOII rastrean continuamente la red.

GESTION DE DATOS Y EL 'GLOBAL TALENT REPORT 2019'.

Una de las utilidades no 'contabilizables' de LinkedIn se basamenta en el flujo de datos que generan sus usuari@s. Debidamente analizados, respetando siempre la privacidad de la información, el flujo creciente de datos constituye un barómetro sobre el mercado de empleo en ciertos sectores, particularmente el de las Tecnologías de la Información (TI). A partir de esta premisa, la multinacional con Sede en Sunnyvale, California, produce periódicamente informes transversales de interés público en cooperación con organismos internacionales como el Banco Mundial o entidades locales. En enero de 2020 ha publicado la décima edición de su 'Global Talent Report' sobre el reclutamiento de profesionales.

Guy Berger, economista clave en LinkedIn, al tratar en una entrevista reciente las tendencias más vanguardistas de 'recruitment' global, ponía el acento en la relevancia de las 'habilidades blandas' (en inglés, 'soft skills'): “Supongo que debería empezar por las competencias digitales de alto nivel”. Añadía que tienen demanda asegurada por muchos años, lo cual no quiere decir que sean inmutables, todo lo contrario: dado que un economista no tiene la creencia de que la tecnología fagocitará todos los empleos... aunque resulta evidente que eventualmente, posiblemente con frecuencia, la mayoría de los trabajos serán víctimas de la obsolescencia.

Ahora bien, Berger apostilló que “ninguna tecnología será capaz de automatizar aquello que nos hace singulares como humanos, lo que solemos denominar soft skills" como es la flexibilidad y la capacidad de adaptación; nuestra gestión del tiempo; la motivación efectiva del equipo; la capacidad de hablar en público; etc. Herramientas que pueden ser determinantes.

Berger indica que una estadística es válida siempre que estimule comprender lo inusual, aquello que indica hacia dónde va la evolución del empleo. Su visión, desde la perspectiva del sector economista norteamericano, es enriquecedora ya que nos permite profundizar en un espectro técnico y solvente de tendencias. Coincidimos con él en que resultan infinitamente más destacables las tendencias evolutivas que una 'foto fija'.

En paralelo, según un estudio reciente entre los reclutadores de las plataformas globales más prestigiosas, las cualidades que se potenciarán en el mercado laboral español a lo largo del período 2020, se encuentran en el escenario de un amplio rango de competencias digitales -ej. cyber security-, el dominio de idiomas, la gestión de proyectos -Project Management- y la familiaridad con los medios sociales como canal de comunicación profesional sin límites. ¡Es tiempo de re-inventarse profesionalmente!